Everything about Cologne totally explained
» Köln redirects here. For other uses, see Köln (disambiguation) and Cologne (disambiguation).
Cologne (;
local dialect:
Kölle [ˈkœɫə]) is
Germany's fourth-largest
city after
Berlin,
Hamburg and
Munich, and is the largest city both in the German Federal State of
North Rhine-Westphalia and within the
Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Area, one of the major European metropolitan areas with more than ten million inhabitants. It is one of the oldest cities in Germany, having been founded by the
Romans in the year 38 BC. Cologne was granted the status of a Roman "city" in the year 50 AD.
Cologne lies on the
River Rhine. The city's famous
Cologne Cathedral (
Kölner Dom) is the seat of the
Roman Catholic Archbishop of Cologne. The
University of Cologne (
Universität zu Köln) is one of
Europe's oldest universities.
Cologne is a major cultural centre of the
Rhineland and has a vibrant arts scene. Cologne is home to more than 30 museums and hundreds of galleries. Exhibitions range from local
ancient Roman archaeological sites to contemporary graphics and sculpture. The city's
Trade Fair Grounds are host to a number of trade shows such as the
Art Cologne Fair, the International Furniture Fair (IMM) and the
Photokina. Cologne is also well known for its celebration of
Cologne Carnival and the LGBT festival
Christopher Street Day (CSD).
Within Germany, Cologne is known as an important media centre. Several radio and television stations, including
Westdeutscher Rundfunk (WDR),
RTL and
VOX (TV channel), are based in the city. The city also hosts the
Cologne Comedy Festival, which is considered to be the largest comedy festival in mainland Europe.
In 2005 Cologne hosted the 20th Roman Catholic
World Youth Day with
Pope Benedict XVI. It was one of the largest-ever meetings, with over a million participants.
Demographics
Cologne is the fourth-largest city in Germany in terms of inhabitants after
Berlin,
Hamburg and
Munich. Officially, the city still has somewhat fewer than a million inhabitants (as of
December 31,
2006: 989,766
(External Link
)). However, this might change rapidly as the city's registration rules will change in the course of 2007. Cologne is the centre of an urban area of around 2 million inhabitants (including the neighbouring cities of
Bonn,
Hürth,
Leverkusen, and
Bergisch-Gladbach).
According to local statistics, in 2006 the
population density in the city was 2,528 inhabitants per square kilometer. 31.4 percent of the population has migrated there, and 17.2 percent of Cologne's population is non-German. The largest group, comprising 6.3 percent of the total population, is Turkish
(External Link). As of September 2007, there are about 120,000 Muslims living in Cologne, mostly of Turkish origin .
In the city the population was spread out with 15.5% under the age of 18, 67.0% from 18 to 64 and 17.4% who were 65 years of age or older. For every 100 females there were 95.3 males.
Administration
Cologne is incorporated under the Gemeindeordnung Nordrhein-Westfalen (GO NRW) (Municipality Code of
North Rhine-Westphalia). The city's administration is headed by a
mayor (
Oberbürgermeister) and three deputy
mayors. Cologne was the first city in Germany with a tax specifically for
prostitution (see
prostitution in Germany).
Coat of arms
The three crowns symbolise the
Magi (Three Wise Men) whose bones are said to be kept in a golden
sarcophagus in Cologne Cathedral (see
Shrine of the Three Kings at Cologne Cathedral). In 1164,
Rainald of Dassel, the archbishop of Cologne, brought the
relics to the city, making it a major
pilgrimage destination. This led to the design of the current cathedral as the predecessor was considered too small to accommodate the pilgrims.
The eleven tears are a reminder of Cologne's patron,
Saint Ursula, a Britannic princess, and her legendary 11,000 virgin companions who were supposedly martyred by
Attila the Hun at Cologne for their
Christian faith in 383. (The entourage of Ursula and the number of victims was significantly smaller; according to one source, the original legend referred to only eleven companions and the number was later inflated by relic traders.
(External Link))
Culture
Cologne is well-known for its beer, called
Kölsch.
Kölsch is also the name of the local dialect. This has led to the common joke that Kölsch is the only language you can drink.
Cologne is also famous for
Eau de Cologne (
Kölnisch Wasser). At the beginning of the 18th century, Italian expatriate
Johann Maria Farina (1685-1766) created a new fragrance and named it after his hometown Cologne, Eau de Cologne (
Water of Cologne). In the course of the 18th century the fragrance became increasingly popular. Eventually, Cologne merchant Wilhelm Mülhens secured the name Farina, which at that time had become a household name for Eau de Cologne, under contract and opened a small factory at Cologne's Glockengasse. In later years, and under pressure from court battles, his grandson
Ferdinand Mülhens chose a new name for the firm and their product. It was the house number that was given to the factory at Glockengasse during French occupation of the
Rhineland in the early 19th century, number
4711. In 1994, the Mülhens family sold their company to German
Wella corporation. In 2003
Procter & Gamble took over Wella. Today, original Eau de Cologne still is produced in Cologne by both the Farina family (Farina gegenüber since 1709), currently in the eighth generation, and by who bought the 4711 brand in December 2006.
Carnival
Cologne carnival is one of the biggest street festivals in Europe. It is held annually; the season starts officially on
11 November at 11 minutes past 11 with the proclamation of the new Carnival Season, and it continues until Ash Wednesday. But the so-called "Tollen Tage" (mad days) don`t start until
Weiberfastnacht (Women's Carnival) or, in dialect,
Wieverfastelovend (Thursday before Ash Wednesday), which is the beginning of the street carnival. Hundreds of thousands of visitors flock to Cologne during this time. Generally around a million people are celebrating in the streets on the Thursday before Ash Wednesday.
(External Link)
History
Roman Cologne
The first urban settlement on the grounds of what today is the centre of Cologne was
Oppidum Ubiorum, which was founded in 38 BC by the
Ubii, a
Germanic tribe. Cologne became acknowledged as a city by the Romans in 50 AD by the name of
Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium. Considerable Roman remains can be found in contemporary Cologne, especially near the wharf area, where a notable discovery of a 1900 year old Roman boat was made in late 2007. From 260 to 271 Cologne was the capital of the
Gallic Empire under
Postumus,
Marius and
Victorinus. In 310 under
Constantine a
bridge was built over the Rhine at Cologne.
Maternus, who was elected as
bishop in 313, was the first known bishop of Cologne. The city was the capital of a Roman province until occupied by the Franks in 459. In 785, Cologne became the seat of an
archbishopric.
Middle Ages
During the time of the
Holy Roman Empire in the
Middle Ages, the
Archbishop of Cologne was one of the seven
prince-electors and one of the three ecclesiastical electors. The archbishops had ruled large temporal domains but in 1288
Sigfried II von Westerburg was defeated in the
Battle of Worringen and forced into exile at
Bonn.
Cologne's location on the river Rhine placed it at the intersection of the major
trade routes between east and west and was the basis of Cologne's growth. Cologne was a member of the
Hanseatic League and became an
Free Imperial City in 1475. Interestingly the archbishop nevertheless preserved the right of
capital punishment. Thus, the municipal council (though in strict political opposition towards the archbishop) depended upon him in all matters concerning criminal jurisdiction. This included torture, which sentence was only allowed to be handed down by the episcopal judge, the so-called "Greve". This legal situation lasted until the French conquest of Cologne.
Besides its economic and political significance Cologne also became an outstanding centre of medieval pilgrimage, when Cologne's Archbishop
Rainald of Dassel gave the relics of the
Three Wise Men to Cologne's cathedral in 1164 (after they in fact had been captured from
Milan). Besides the three magi Cologne preserves the relics of
Saint Ursula and
Albertus Magnus.
The economic structures of medieval and early modern Cologne were characterised by the town's status as a major harbour and transportation hub upon the Rhine. Craftsmanship was organised by self-administrating guilds, some of which were exclusive to women.
As a free city Cologne was a sovereign state within the Holy Roman Empire and as such had the right (and obligation) of maintaining its own military force. Wearing a red uniform these troops were known as the
Rote Funken (red sparks). These soldiers were part of the Army of the
Holy Roman Empire ("Reichskontingent") and fought in the wars of the 17th and 18th century, including the wars against revolutionary France, when the small force almost completely perished in combat. The tradition of these troops is preserved as a military persiflage by Cologne's most outstanding carnival society, the
Rote Funken (External Link).
The free city of Cologne must not be confused with the Archbishopric of Cologne which was a state of its own within the
Holy Roman Empire. Since the second half of the 16th century the archbishops were taken from the
Bavarian dynasty
Wittelsbach. Due to the free status of Cologne, the archbishops usually were not allowed to enter the town. Thus they took residence in
Bonn and later in
Brühl on Rhine. As members of an influential and powerful family and supported by their outstanding status as
electors, the archbishops of Cologne repeatedly challenged and threatened the free status of Cologne during the 17th and 18th century, resulting in complicated affairs, which were handled by diplomatic means and propaganda as well as by the supreme courts of the Holy Roman Empire.
19th and 20th century
Cologne lost its status as a
free city during the French period. According to the Peace
Treaty of Lunéville (1801) all the territories of the
Holy Roman Empire on the left bank of the Rhine were officially incorporated into the
French Republic (which already had occupied Cologne in 1798). Thus, this region later became part of
Napoleon's Empire. Cologne was part of the French
Département Roer (named after the River Roer, German:
Rur) with
Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) as its capital. The French modernised public life by introducing the
Code Napoleon as civil code and removing the old elites from power, to cite two examples. The
Code Napoleon was in use in the German territories on the left bank of the Rhine until the year 1900, when for the first time the
German Empire passed a nationwide unique civil code ("
Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch"). In 1815, at the
Congress of Vienna, Cologne was made part of the
Kingdom of Prussia, administered successively in the
Province of Jülich-Cleves-Berg and the
Rhine Province.
The permanent tensions between the Roman Catholic
Rhineland and the overwhelmingly Protestant Prussian state repeatedly escalated with Cologne being in the focus of the conflict. In 1837 the archbishop of Cologne
Clemens August von Droste-Vischering was arrested and imprisoned for two years after a dispute over the legal status of marriages between Protestants and Roman Catholics ("Mischehenstreit"). In 1874 during the
Kulturkampf archbishop cardinal
Paul Melchers was arrested and imprisoned. He fled to the Netherlands and was searched for like an ordinary criminal by a warrant of apprehension. These conflicts alienated the Catholic population from Berlin and contributed to a deeply felt anti-Prussian resentment, which was still significant after World War II, when the former mayor of Cologne,
Konrad Adenauer, became the first West German chancellor.
During the
nineteenth and
twentieth centuries, Cologne incorporated numerous surrounding towns, and by the time of
World War I had already grown to 700,000 inhabitants. Industrialisation changed the city and spurred its growth. Especially booming branches were vehicle construction and engine building. Heavy industry was less ubiquitous as opposed to the
Ruhr Area. The
cathedral, started in 1248 but abandoned around 1560, was eventually finished in 1880 not only as a religious building but also as a German national monument celebrating the newly founded
German empire as well as the continuity of the German nation since the Middle Ages. Sometimes urban growth happened very much at the expense of the town's historic heritage with many buildings being broken down (for example the city walls or the surroundings of the cathedral) or replaced by contemporary constructions. On the other side Cologne was turned into a heavily armed fortress (opposing the French and Belgian fortresses of
Verdun and
Liège) with two fortified belts surrounding the town, the
relics of which can be seen until today. The military demands of what finally turned out to be Germany's largest fortress meant a huge obstacle to urban development, as forts, bunkers and dugouts with a vast and plain shooting field before them completely encircled the town and prevented any expansion beyond the fortified line, resulting in a very dense built-up area within town itself.
After WWI, during which several minor air raids had targeted the city, Cologne was occupied by British Forces under the terms of the armistice and the subsequent
Versailles Peace Treaty. The occupation lasted until 1926. In contrast to the harsh measures of French occupation troops in the Rhineland the British acted much more tactfully towards the local population. The mayor of Cologne (the future West German chancellor)
Konrad Adenauer paid them respect for their political significance, as the British withstood the French ambitions for a permanent Allied occupation of the Rhineland. In 1919 the
University of Cologne (which had been closed by the French in 1798) was refounded. It was meant as a substitute for the German
University of Strasbourg which had become French in 1918/19. The era of the
Weimar Republic (1919 - 1933) rendered very prolific for Cologne. Many improvements were made under the guidance of Mayor Konrad Adenauer, especially as far as public governance, housing, planning and social affairs are concerned. Large public parks were created, in particular the two "Grüngürtel" (green belts), which were planned on the areas of the former fortifications. They had been dismantled according to the de-militarisation of the
Rhineland under the terms of the peace treaty, albeit this project was unfinished until 1933. Public housing was executed in a way that it became exemplary all over
Germany. As Cologne competed for hosting the Olympics a modern stadium was erected in Müngersdorf. By the end of the British occupation German civil aviation was readmitted over Cologne and the airport of soon became an outstanding hub of national and international air traffic, second in Germany only to
Berlin-Tempelhof. By 1939 the population had risen to 772,221. Compared to other major cities the Nazis didn't gain decisive support in Cologne and the votes cast for the
NSDAP at the election for the
Reichstag always accounted below the average result of the Reich.
(External Link)
World War II
During World War II, Köln was a Military Area Command Headquarters (Militärische Bereich Befehl Hauptsitze) for Military District (Wehrkreis) VI in
Münster. Cologne was under the command of Generalleutnant Freiherr
Roeder von Diersburg, who was responsible for military operations at
Bonn,
Siegburg,
Aachen,
Jülich,
Düren, and
Monschau. Cologne was the Home Station for the 211th Infantry Regiment and the 26th Artillery Regiment.
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In
World War II, Cologne endured exactly
262 air raids by the Western
Allies, which caused approximately 20,000 civilian casualties and completely wiped out the centre of the city. During the night of
May 31,
1942, Cologne was the site of "
Operation Millennium", the first 1,000 bomber raid by the
Royal Air Force in World War II. 1,046 heavy bombers attacked their target with 1,455 tons of explosive. This raid lasted about 75 minutes, destroyed of built-up area, killed 486 civilians and made 59,000 people homeless. By the end of the war, the population of Cologne was reduced by 95%. This loss was mainly caused by a massive evacuation of the people to more rural areas. The same happened in many other German cities in the last two years of war. At the end of 1945, the population had already risen to about 500,000 again.
By that time, essentially all of Cologne's pre-war
Jewish population of 20,000 had been displaced. The synagogue, originally built between 1895 and 1899 by architects
Wilhelm Schreiterer and
Bernhard Below, was severely damaged during the pogrom of
November 9,
1938 (
Kristallnacht) but ultimately destroyed by
Allied bombing between 1943 and 1945. It was reconstructed in the 1950s. The Cologne synagogue was the stage of a historic event in 2005, when the German-born pope
Benedict XVI was the second pope ever to visit a synagogue.
Post-war Cologne
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Despite Cologne's status of being the largest city in the region, nearby
Düsseldorf was chosen as the political capital of the
Federal State North Rhine-Westphalia. With
Bonn being chosen as the provisional capital (
provisorische Bundeshauptstadt) and seat of the government of the Federal Republic of Germany, Cologne benefited by being sandwiched between the two important political centres of former
West Germany. The city became home to a large number of Federal agencies and organisations. After re-unification in 1990
Berlin was made the Federal capital of Germany.
For Cologne mayors refer to:
List of mayors of Cologne.
In 1945 architect and urban planner
Rudolf Schwarz called Cologne the "world's greatest heap of debris". Schwarz designed the master plan of reconstruction in 1947, which called for the construction of several new thoroughfares through the downtown area, especially the
Nord-Süd-Fahrt ("North-South-Drive"). The Master plan took into consideration the fact that even shortly after the war a large increase in automobile traffic could be anticipated. Plans for new roads had already to a certain degree evolved under the Nazi administration, but the actual construction became easier in times when the majority of downtown lots were undeveloped. The destruction of famous
Romanesque churches like St. Gereon,
Great St. Martin, St. Maria im Capitol and about a dozen others in
World War II meant a tremendous loss of cultural substance to the city. The rebuilding of those churches and other landmarks like the
Gürzenich event hall wasn't undisputed among leading architects and art historians at that time, but in most cases, civil intention prevailed. The reconstruction lasted until the 1990s, when Romanesque church of St. Kunibert was finished.
It took some time to rebuild the city. In 1959 the city's population reached pre-war numbers again. Afterwards the city grew steadily, and, in 1975, the number exceeded 1 million inhabitants for about one year. Since then, the number lingers slightly underneath.
In the 1980s and 1990s Cologne's economy prospered from two factors: First, the steady growth in the number of media companies, pertaining to both the private and the public sector. Catering especially to these companies is the newly developed Media Park, which creates a strongly visual focal point in downtown Cologne and includes the
KölnTurm, one of Cologne's most prominent high-rises. And second, a permanent improvement of the diverse traffic infrastructure, which makes Cologne one of the most easily accessible metropolitan areas in Central Europe.
Due to the economic success of the
Cologne Trade Fair, the city arranged a large extension to the fair site in 2005. At the same time the original buildings, which date back to the 1920s are rented out to
RTL, Germany's largest private broadcaster, as their new corporate headquarters.
Landmarks
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The centre of Cologne was completely destroyed during World War II. The reconstruction of the city followed the style of the 1950s, while respecting the old layout and naming of the streets. Thus, the city today is characterised by simple and modest post-war buildings, with few interspersed pre-war buildings which were reconstructed due to their historical importance. Some buildings of the "Wiederaufbauzeit" (era of reconstruction), for example the opera house by
Wilhelm Riphahn, are nowadays regarded as classics in modern architecture. Nevertheless, the uncompromising style of the opera house and other modern buildings has remained controversial.
- Cologne Cathedral (German: Kölner Dom) is the city's famous landmark and unofficial symbol. It is a Gothic church, started in 1248, and completed in 1880. In 1996, it was designated a World Heritage site; it claims to house the relics of the Three Magi. It is interesting to note that the residents of Cologne call the cathedral "the eternal construction site". They predict that, by the time the renovation of the building has finished, the end of the world will be upon us!
- Twelve Romanesque Churches: These buildings are outstanding examples of medieval sacral architecture. The roots of some of the churches date back as far as Roman times, like St. Gereon, which originally was a chapel on a Roman graveyard. With the exception of St. Maria Lyskirchen all of these churches were very badly damaged during World War II. Reconstruction was only finished in the 1990s.
- Cologne University, with approx. 44,000 students as of 2005, is the largest university in Germany.
- Fragrance Museum Farina House, the birthplace of Eau de Cologne.
- Römisch-Germanisches Museum (English: Roman-Germanic Museum) for ancient Roman and Germanic culture.
- Wallraf-Richartz Museum for mediaeval art.
- Museum Ludwig for modern art.
- EL-DE Haus, the former local headquarters of the Gestapo houses a museum documenting the Nazi rule in Cologne with a special focus on the persecution of political dissenters and minorities.
- Kölner Philharmonie - the Cologne Philharmonic Orchestra Building housing both the Gürzenich Orchestra and the WDR Symphony Orchestra Cologne.
- RheinEnergieStadion, the major Cologne stadium, primarily used for football games, seating 50,997 visitors in national games and 46,134 in international games, home to the local 2. Bundesliga team, 1.FC Köln.
- Kölnarena, a multifunctional event hall, home to the local ice hockey team, the Kölner Haie (English: Cologne Sharks).
- (English: Cologne Tower), Cologne's second tallest building at in height, second only to the Colonius .
- Colonius - a telecommunication tower with an observation deck (closed since 1992).
- Colonia-Hochhaus - Germany's tallest residential building.
- Köln Triangle Tower - opposite the cathedral with a high viewing platform - in contrast to the cathedral with an elevator and a view with the cathedral over the Rhine.
- - designed by architect Jakob Koerfer and completed in 1925, it was at one time Europe's tallest office building.
- Rheinseilbahn - an aerial tramway crossing the Rhine.
- Messe Köln (English: Cologne Fair). Exhibition area of .
- Messeturm Köln (English: Exhibition Tower Cologne).
- Hohe Strasse (English: High Street) is one of the main shopping areas and extends past the cathedral in an approximately southerly direction. This street is particularly popular with tourists and contains many gift shops, clothing stores, fast food restaurants and electronic goods dealers.
- Ford Motor Company plants, assembling the Ford Fiesta and Ford Fusion as well as manufacturing engines and parts; headquarters for Ford of Europe.
- The Panasonic Toyota Racing Formula One team has its factory in the city.
- Schildergasse - extends the shopping area of Hohe Strasse to the west ending at Neumarkt.
- Ehrenstrasse - the shopping area around Apostelnstrasse, Ehrenstrasse, and Rudolfplatz is a little more on the eccentric and stylish side.
- Historic Ringe boulevards (such as Hohenzollernring, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Ring, Hansaring) with their medieval city gates (such as Hahnentorburg on Rudolfplatz) are also known for their night life.
- German Sports & Olympic Museum, with exhibitions about sports from antiquity until the present.
- Schokoladenmuseum (Chocolatemuseum) officially called Imhoff-Schokoladen-Museum.
- JavaMuseum - Forum for Internet Technology in Contemporary Art - collections of Internet based art, corporate part of (NewMediaArtProjectNetwork):cologne - the experimental platform for art and New Media.
Transport
Roads
Road building had been a major issue in the 1920s under the leadership of mayor
Konrad Adenauer. The first German limited access road was constructed after 1929 between Cologne and
Bonn. Today, this is
A 555. In 1965 Cologne became the first German city to be fully encircled by a freeway belt. Roughly at the same time a downtown bypass motorway (
Stadtautobahn) was planned, but only partially executed, due to opposition by environmental groups. The completed section became
Bundesstraße ("Federal Road") B 55a which begins at the
Zoobrücke ("Zoo Bridge") and meets with
A 4 and
A 3 at the interchange Cologne East. Nevertheless, it's referred to as
Stadtautobahn by most locals. Fully accomplished in contrast was the
Nord-Süd-Fahrt ("North-South-Drive"), a new four/six lane downtown thoroughfare, which had already been anticipated by planners like Fritz Schumacher in the 1920s. The last section south of Ebertplatz was completed in 1972.
In 2005 the first stretch of an eight-lane freeway in
North Rhine-Westphalia was opened to traffic on Bundesautobahn 3, part of the eastern section of the freeway belt between the interchanges Cologne East and Heumar.
Public transport
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Cologne has
Deutsche Bahn Service with
Intercity and
ICE-trains stopping at
Köln Hauptbahnhof (Cologne Central Station),
Köln-Deutz station and at
Cologne Bonn Airport (
Konrad-Adenauer-Flughafen). ICE and
Thalys high-speed trains link Cologne with
Brussels and
Paris. There are frequent ICE trains to other German cities, including
Frankfurt-am-Main and
Berlin.
The
Cologne Stadtbahn (Kölner-Verkehrs-Betriebe AG) operates an extensive
light rail system (partially underground) serving Cologne and some neighbouring cities, referred to as the
S-Bahn, and
U-Bahn. Nearby
Bonn is linked by the S-Bahn as well as Deutsche Bahn trains, and occasional recreational boats on the
Rhine.
There also are frequent buses covering most of the city and surrounding suburbs, and
Eurolines coaches to
London via
Brussels.
Cycling
Like most German cities, Cologne has a traffic layout designed to be
bicycle-friendly. There is an extensive cycle network, featuring pavement-edge cycle lanes linked by cycle priority crossings. In many of the small city-centre streets with one-way restrictions, cyclists are explicitly allowed to cycle both ways.
Air transport
Cologne's international airport is
Cologne Bonn Airport (CGN). It is also called Konrad-Adenauer-Airport after Germany's post-war Chancellor,
Konrad Adenauer, who was born in Cologne and was mayor of the city from 1917 until 1933. The airport is shared with the neighbouring city of
Bonn. Most destinations are located in Europe, however, there are two proper intercontinental services: a daily flight to
Newark Liberty Airport (EWR) and Iran Air flights to Tehran's
Mehrabad International Airport 4 times a week. More intercontinental flights are offered at nearby
Düsseldorf International Airport (DUS).
Sports
The city is host to the
football team
1. FC Köln who compete in the
2nd Bundesliga and
American football team
Cologne Centurions who played in the now defunct
NFL Europa. These two teams both play out of the
RheinEnergieStadion, one of the stadiums used during the
2006 FIFA World Cup. The city is also home of the ice hockey team
Kölner Haie (Cologne Sharks), of the
DEL, the highest ice hockey league in Germany. Their home arena is the
Kölnarena.
Since 1997 the city has hosted the annual
Cologne Marathon.
In 2010 Cologne will host the "VIII Gay Games Cologne", which will have about 30,000 participants competing in over 30 disciplines of sports; the
Gay Games is a quadriennial athletic and cultural event.
Sister cities
This is a list of cities which are "
cultural pen pals" of Cologne, as well as the year they first established this relationship.
| - Liverpool, United Kingdom, since 1952
- Lille, France, since 1958
- Liège, Belgium, since 1958
- Rotterdam, the Netherlands, since 1958
- Turin, Italy, since 1958
- Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg, since 1958
- Kyoto, Japan, since 1963
- Tunis, Tunisia, since 1964
- Turku, Finland, since 1967
- Neukölln, Berlin, since 1967
- Tel Aviv-Jaffa, Israel, since 1979
- Barcelona, Spain, since 1984
- Beijing, People’s Republic of China, since 1987
- Thessaloniki, Greece, since 1988
- Cork, Ireland, since 1988
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- Corinto / El Realejo, Nicaragua, since 1988
- Indianapolis, Indiana, United States, since 1988
- Volgograd, Russia, since 1988
- Treptow-Köpenick, Berlin, since 1990
- Islamabad, Pakistan
- Katowice, Poland, since 1991
- Bethlehem, Palestinian Territories, since 1996
- Istanbul, Turkey, since 1997
- Cluj-Napoca, Romania, since 1999
- Dunstable, United Kingdom (only borough of Porz)
- Benfleet, United Kingdom (only borough of Rodenkirchen)
- Igny, France
- Brive-la-Gaillarde, France
- Hazebrouck, France
- Eygelshoven, Netherlands
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Born in Cologne
Notable people whose roots can be found in Cologne:
Adenauer, Konrad (January 5 1876–April 19 1967), politician, mayor of Cologne (1917–1933, 1945) and German Chancellor (1949–1963)
Agrippa, Heinrich Cornelius (1486–1535), alchemist, occultist, and author of Three Books of Occult Philosophy
Agrippina the Younger (November 6 15–between March 19 and March 23 59), Roman Empress (wife of Emperor Claudius) and mother of Emperor Nero
Bach, Dirk (born April 23 1961), actor and comedian
Birnbaum, Heinrich (1403–1473), a Catholic monk
Blum, Robert (November 10 1807–November 9 1848), politician and martyr of the 19th century democratic movement in Germany
Böll, Heinrich (December 21 1917–July 16 1985), writer and winner of the Nobel prize for literature in 1972
Bruch, Max (January 6 1838–October 2 1920) composer
Calatrava, Alex (June 14 1973), Spanish professional tennis player
Donnersmarck, Florian Henckel von (born May 2 1973), Academy Award-winning director and screenwriter
Ernst, Max (April 2 1891–April 1 1976), artist
Gossow, Angela (born November 5 1974), vocalist for Melodic Death Metal band Arch enemy
(May 4 1927–March 16 1991), actress and singer
Kier, Udo (born October 14 1944), actor
Klemperer, Werner (March 22 1920–December 6 2000), Emmy Award-winning comedy actor
(born June 2 1952), actress
(born August 23 1941), actress and singer
Krupp, Uwe (born June 24 1965), professional (ice) hockey player
Lauterbach, Heiner (born April 10 1953), actor
Liebert, Ottmar (born February 1 1961), musician
Millowitsch, Willy (January 8 1909–September 20 1999), actor and playwright
(born March 30 1951), singer, musician, artist and bandleader of BAP
Neuhoff, Theodor von (25 August 1694–11 December 1756), briefly King Theodore of Corsica
Offenbach, Jacques (June 20 1819–October 5 1880), composer
(October 1 1876–August 6 1936) composer
Prausnitz, Frederik William (August 26 1920–November 12 2004), American conductor and teacher
Päffgen, Christa aka Nico (October 16 1938–July 18 1988), model, actress, singer and songwriter (see Velvet Underground) and Warhol Superstar
Raab, Stefan Konrad (born October 20 1966), entertainer and comedian
(born October 9 1966), actress
Rüttgers, Jürgen (born June 26 1951), Minister-President of North Rhine-Westphalia since 2005
Stockhausen, Markus (born May 2 1957), musician and composer
Vondel, Joost van den (November 17 1587–February 5 1679), Dutch poet and playwright
Weimar, Robert (born May 13 1932), legal scientist and psychologistFurther Information
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